Can FIFA World Cup Help Level Playing Field For All Women Footballers?

There’s little doubt the FIFA Women’s World Cup will deliver spectacle and significant financial rewards when it kicks off in a fortnight. The longer-term rewards, however, are harder to predict.

Tens of thousands of visitors will spend hundreds of millions of dollars to follow the matches across Australia and New Zealand – the first FIFA women’s football tournament to be hosted across two countries and two football confederations.

Following the recent success of theWomen’s Rugby World Cup, the financial benefits of co-hosting this tournament have been estimated to be worthNZ$200 millionto New Zealand andA$460 millionto Australia.

But the event’s legacy can’t be measured in dollars alone. The trans-Tasman bid to co-host the Cup – dubbed “As One” – emphasised its potential to supercharge football in the region and promote women and girls in the sport.

The bid drew heavily on the Sport New ZealandStrategy for Women and Girls in Sport and Active Recreation, agovernment-led initiativeto improve opportunities for girls and women to participate in sport, active recreation, and play, and to improve conditions for women as athletes and leaders.

All noble goals, butresearchhas repeatedly shown it isn’t possible to draw a straight line between major sporting events and wider societal benefits. And there is clear evidence of longstanding inequities in women’s football, both inNew Zealandand around theworld.

Making up for these historic inequalities in opportunity, pay, and representation will require sustained focus and investment. The challenge, therefore, is to genuinely leverage interest in the Women’s World Cup to effect real, measurable, and positive change.

Women's FIFA World Cup: Promise Versus Reality

Politically, the “As One” bid aligned well with FIFA’s own recent goals and objectives, including itsFIFA 2.0initiative andwomen’s football strategy.

In response to recentclaims of major corruption, FIFA has been working torebrand its imageand reform the federation. Part of this has seen a commitment to support andgrow the women’s gameat both professional and recreational levels.

Just how much mega-events, like World Cups and Olympics, contribute to real social and economic legacies, however, haslong been questioned. In fact, many of the promises made during bids and later promotion of the events – increased participation, more investment in leagues –go unrealised.

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This is particularly so when short-term event strategies aren’t matched by longer-term investment planning. There is little evidence to support claims oftrickle-downor “inspiration” effects, whereby people are motivated to participate in a sport or physical activity simply by watching a major event.

The so-called “legacies” of football tournaments, more specifically, have also beenfound wanting, particularly where improving gender equity has been a focus. Onestudyof the UEFA Women’s Euro 2005 Championship found that:

Despite record crowds and unprecedented media attention, an increase in participation by women after the event was neither significant, nor sustained.

Similarly, despite FIFA’s promises of equality, there remainvast disparitieswithin sporting organisations. There has also been alack of sustained commitmentto end gender inequalities and sexism across the sport. The “As One” bid itself has also beencriticisedfor its superficial engagement with gender equality.

Leveraging the World Cup

Sporting bodies in New Zealand are aware of these issues. Across government and sporting agencies, there is a range of strategic steps being made toward achieving a genuine social legacy from the FIFA Women’s World Cup.

Beyond increasedmedia attentionand FIFA-sponsored “fan festivals” in the host cities, theMinistry for WomenandMinistry of Business, Innovation, and Employmenthave developed grants and funding for organisations committed to empowering young girls and women and increasing physical activity levels.

New Zealand Football (NZF) has addressed the challenge head-on, tagging its “Aotearoa United” initiative with the byline “Legacy Starts Now”. It aims for an “enduring impact on our game and diverse communities in the years that follow the tournament”.

To that end, NZF’sFanTailsprogramme capitalises on World Cup excitement to introduce the game in a fun way to girls aged 4-12. NZF has also partnered with Māori Football Aotearoa and Sport New Zealand to develop theKōtuituinationwide school programme, with afocus on supportingparticipation by girls and young women from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds.

But while such programmes should be applauded, they may not address the larger systemic issues within football. Recently, players from Auckland’sWestern Springs AFCexpressed concerns about alleged gender inequities and feeling“disrespected” by club leadership, resulting in many players threatening to leave the club.

With long histories ofmale dominancein football clubs and organisations, changing a sporting culture does not happenovernight.

Playing the long game

On the other hand, great strides are being made for women’s football across New Zealand and internationally.

Participation rates for women and girls have increased by over 35% since 2011,according to NZF. At the same time, the profile of the women’s game hasgrown globally.

Clearly, the two are related. With the significant investment in the FIFA Women’s World Cup, and the efforts being made to inspire and connect with girls, women, and families across the country, a further surge in participation rates is on the cards.

How long this interest lasts, however, depends on longer-term investment strategies. And that means building opportunities for girls and young women to participate in safe, supportive, and truly inclusive sporting environments.

Julie E. Brice is an Assistant Professor, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Holly Thorpe is a Professor in Sociology of Sport and Gender, University of Waikato, published the article first in The Conversation