Everyone's Talking About Estrogen Levels, But What Does The Hormone Really Do?

Estrogen is one of the primary sex hormones in women, but its influence extends far beyond reproduction. Often associated solely with periods, fertility, or menopause, estrogen is in fact a master regulator of multiple functions across the female body, from mood to memory, skin to bones, metabolism to the cardiovascular system.

This hormone is produced primarily in the ovaries, with small amounts also made in the adrenal glands and fat tissue. There are three main types: estradiol (the most common during reproductive years), estriol (dominant during pregnancy), and estrone (more common after menopause). Estradiol is the most potent and is the primary form in non-pregnant women of reproductive age. 

Estrogen works by binding to specific receptors throughout the body. These receptors are like antennae that pick up signals and help regulate cellular activity. That’s why estrogen affects so many systems, because these receptors are everywhere: the brain, the heart, the skin, the gut, and the bones.

One of estrogen’s most vital roles is in the brain. It supports memory, focus, and emotional regulation. When estrogen levels drop, many women report brain fog, forgetfulness, irritability, and anxiety. These aren’t imagined symptoms. They're biological responses to hormonal shifts.

Estrogen also keeps bones strong by helping regulate the balance between bone formation and breakdown. When levels decline, especially during and after menopause, bone density can decrease rapidly, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

In the skin, estrogen boosts collagen production and helps retain moisture, keeping the skin plump and elastic. This is why many women notice increased dryness or visible signs of ageing when estrogen levels drop.

Estrogen isn’t just a hormone; it’s a system-wide stabiliser.

It even plays a protective role in heart health. Before menopause, women typically have a lower risk of heart disease compared to men. But once estrogen levels drop, that protection fades, and the risk increases.

Metabolism is another area impacted by estrogen. It helps regulate how the body stores and uses fat. As estrogen decreases, women may experience changes in how and where their bodies store fat — especially around the abdomen and a drop in overall energy levels.

Unfortunately, estrogen is often misunderstood, and its decline is poorly addressed. Many women go through perimenopause and menopause without any guidance on how estrogen changes are affecting their health.

The good news is, once women understand what estrogen does — and how its loss manifests, they can take steps to support their bodies. This includes nutrition, exercise, stress management, and, when necessary, medical support like hormone therapy or targeted supplements.

Understanding estrogen isn’t just for biology textbooks. It’s a vital piece of information every woman needs as she moves through the different stages of life. Because when estrogen speaks… through mood changes, fatigue, weight shifts, or sleep troubles … your body is asking you to listen.

And with the right information, you can.