Understanding Hormonal Changes During Menopause

During menopause, hormonal changes occur in a woman's body as she transitions from her reproductive years to postmenopause. These changes primarily involve the decline in the production of two key hormones: estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle, maintaining bone health, and supporting the health of the reproductive system. Progesterone works in conjunction with estrogen to prepare the uterus for pregnancy and maintain the pregnancy if it occurs. As menopause approaches, the ovaries gradually produce less estrogen and progesterone, leading to significant hormonal fluctuations.

As per the Global Endocrine Society, hormones change to accommodate normal menopausal changes, and women may experience a wide range of complications, from hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood changes, insomnia, and changes in sex desire.

Hormonal changes during menopause

One of the first hormonal changes that occur during menopause is a decrease in the production of estrogen. This decline in estrogen levels can result in irregular menstrual cycles, hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Estrogen also plays a role in maintaining bone density, so its decline can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Additionally, lower estrogen levels can affect mood, sleep patterns, and cognitive function. The decrease in estrogen production during menopause is a natural and expected part of the ageing process.



Another important hormonal change during menopause is the decline in progesterone levels. Progesterone works in tandem with estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy. As menopause approaches, the ovaries produce less progesterone, leading to irregular periods and eventually the cessation of menstruation. The decrease in progesterone can contribute to symptoms such as mood swings, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. While the decline in progesterone is not as drastic as the decline in estrogen, it still plays a significant role in the hormonal changes experienced during menopause.



The World Health Organisation notes the hormonal changes associated with menopause can affect physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being. The symptoms experienced during and following the menopausal transition vary substantially from person to person. Some have few if any symptoms. For others, symptoms can be severe and affect daily activities and quality of life. Some can experience symptoms for several years.



In addition to the decline in estrogen and progesterone, other hormones in the body may also be affected during menopause. For example, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels increase as the ovaries produce less estrogen and progesterone.

These hormonal fluctuations can contribute to the symptoms commonly associated with menopause, such as hot flashes, mood changes, and changes in sexual desire. Understanding these hormonal changes during menopause is crucial for women to manage their symptoms and maintain their overall health and well-being