How India's First Record Artist Gauhar Jaan Led A Cultural Revolution

Gauhar Jaan, a name synonymous with the golden age of Indian classical music, affectionately known as the Gramophone Queen of India, had the country dancing to her tunes back in the late 1800s. Often portrayed as a feisty diva clad in opulence, she was more than just a musician—she was a trendsetter in her own right, who dared to dance to her own rhythm. Born in 1873, Gauhar Jaan's journey from a humble upbringing to becoming India's first recording artist is nothing short of inspirational. 

The Early Years

Born Angelina Yeoward in 1873 in Patna, Gauhar Jaan's journey began amidst the vibrant rhythms of India. Her parents' unconventional marriage, with her father being an Armenian Jew and her mother embracing Islam, foreshadowed the eclectic blend of cultures that would shape her identity.  However, Gauhar's childhood wasn't all sunshine and rainbows. When she was just a kid, her parents split up, leaving her and her mom, Victoria, to navigate life's twists and turns alone. But Victoria wasn't just any mom—she was a talented singer and dancer.

And she passed on her love for music to her daughter, renaming her Gauhar Jaan along the way. Their journey took them to Banaras, where Gauhar's musical education truly began. Under her mother's tutelage, she soaked up the rhythms and melodies of Indian classical music, blending them with her Armenian heritage. It was in the bustling city of Calcutta that her talent truly flourished, as she found herself immersed in the vibrant atmosphere of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah's court.

Imagine being only 14 and already wowing crowds with your voice! Well, that's exactly what Gauhar Jaan did at the royal courts of Darbhanga Raj. Her performance kicked off her amazing career, earning her love and respect from everyone who heard her. And from then on, she was known as a true star of Hindustani music.

Despite receiving praise and admiration, Gauhar encountered numerous obstacles in her life. At the tender age of thirteen, she survived a sexual assault that left lasting physical and emotional wounds. 

Gauhar Jaan belonged to a group of female entertainers known as "Tawaifs," who were once highly respected in society. However, over the years, societal attitudes towards them changed, and they faced stigma and discrimination. In the 19th and 20th centuries, this stigma intensified, leading to the criminalisation and persecution of the Tawaif community.

The Rise to Prominence

With a voice that could mesmerize and a talent that knew no bounds, Gauhar Jaan quickly rose to prominence as one of India's first recording stars. From 1902 to 1920, she enchanted audiences with over six hundred songs in a multitude of languages, going beyond linguistic barriers and bewitching hearts across the nation.

With the advent of gramophone technology, she became the first Indian artist to have her voice immortalized in time, a feat that would echo through generations. This courageous move not only revolutionized the music industry but also challenged the prevalent norms that restricted women's participation in public spheres. Each note she sang was infused with deep emotion and passion, leaving a lasting impression on the hearts of all who had the privilege of listening.

Her contribution to music was profound and far-reaching, and her rendition of Hindustani classical music, infused with grace and artistry, earned her a place among the legends of her time. Her repertoire encompassed a wide range of genres, from the intricate classical khayal to the lively folk thumri, showcasing the rich diversity of India's musical heritage Gauhar Jaan's music, recorded at 78 rpm, marked a key moment in Indian music history, solidifying her voice, which would be cherished for generations. Her iconic refrain, "My name is Gauhar Jaan," scripted her name in history books, leaving a lasting legacy.

The Woman Behind the Legend

Known for her flamboyant personality and fearless disregard for societal norms, she blazed a trail of authenticity and self-expression, inspiring countless others to embrace their unique gifts and talents. From her lavish horse-drawn buggy rides through the streets of Kolkata to her ostentatious celebrations, she embraced her celebrity status with unabashed fervor. 

During her peak, she reportedly received special treatment, including a personal train for performances. Popular for her extravagant style, she adorned herself with unique jewelry and was reputed to be India's first millionaire singer. Reports suggest that during her time, she charged a whopping Rs 3000 for recording a song when the price of 10 grams of gold was just Rs 20, which, when adjusted for inflation, would amount to around Rs 1 crore per song today. Whether hosting lavish celebrations for her cat's kittens or breaking government restrictions with her daily viceroy fee, Gauhar Jaan was a woman unafraid to flaunt her success. Her legacy serves as a reminder that true greatness lies not in conformity, but in the courage to be oneself.

But fame came at a cost for Gauhar. Financial hardships, emotional turmoil, and being betrayed by those she trusted, made her grapple with the shadows of solitude and betrayal. Yet, through it all, her spirit remained unbroken. Though her wealth may have dwindled, her legacy remained priceless and continues to resonate, inspiring countless artists and empowering women to claim their rightful place in history's spotlight.

Personal views expressed by the author are their own